Leadership Styles As A Public Administrator Essay

Introduction This paper will discuss various aspects of a public leader. First, it will develop a brief overview of two leaders and their leadership styles as a public administrator. Next, this paper will compare and contrast the leadership styles of these two leaders. Also, it will determine three leadership strengths and weaknesses of each of these leaders, as well as speculate on the effectiveness of each public leader in terms of each of their successes. Finally, this paper will suggest one key strength that could influence one’s ability to be a public leader. Examples of Charismatic Leaders A fine example of a charismatic leader as a public administrator is Napoleon Bonaparte. As an officer in the French army, he was smart, aggressive and fearless, and inspired great loyalty in just about anyone he encountered. Additionally, his success was based on his instinctive knowledge of human behavior, the most prominent of which was his ability to show appreciation to those who helped him succeed through a rewards system. Furthermore, he realized it was imperative to win the trust of those he was not leading to bolster their support. An avid speaker, he would inform citizens in the country in which he was invading that he was not against them, but rather against their tyrannical leaders. Eventually, Bonaparte’s ego got the best of him, and he lost the respect he had garnered over years, ending up exiled to the island of St. Helena (McManus, n.d., p. 2). Clearly,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Leadership On Creativity976 Words   |  4 PagesTopics in Administrative Leadership In this paper I explore two topics related to administrative leadership. The first topic that I examine is the impact of leadership on creativity. The second topic that I will explore is how administrative leadership impacts the implementation of technology in an organization. I seek to look at the research and suggest ways that these topics can be expanded. Leadership and Creativity Zubair and Kamal (2015) examine the impact of leadership on employee creativityRead MoreWhat Makes A Effective Leadership?862 Words   |  4 Pageseffective leadership requires and how to get better ethical outcomes in the workplace. The readings present informative aspects of what constitutes an effective leadership and in my opinion a guide to the real world, for ethical decision making. Indeed shaping oneself to become a leader is not an overnight process, one requires great patience and time to develop strong leadership styles to help harness the followers skills and talents they bring to an organization. The leadership styles characterizesRead MorePublic And Private Management : Are They Fundamentally Alike? Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction On a macro level, public administration and business management are similar in their overall functions. â€Å"At the broadest level, some organizational theorists contend that administration is administration whatever its setting, and that the problems of organizing people, leading them and supplying them with resources to do their jobs are always the same (Kettl, 2012, p. 38).† In his paper, â€Å"Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?,† GrahamRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : The Department Of Human Resource And Management1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Today public sector is surrounded by people differences, thus an employee’s ideas and ideals may differ from the organization mission. Therefore an organization advance and productivity need strategies that accommodate people diversity characteristics. The department of human resource and management makes plan to deal with diversity. Diversity issues involves individual characteristics, an individual primary characteristic refers to individuals biological traits such as genderRead MoreEssay on Different Leadership Theories1232 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Different Leadership Theories Essay Ebony Bittings Grand Canyon University: UDA-575 September 26, 2012 When you think of the terms: leader and leadership, you generally equate them with being only one person. However, my view of leadership, especially effective leadership, is a shared function between many individuals. There are numerous leadership theories. As a whole, leadership theories should be implemented to contribute to the improvementRead MoreTo Become A Valuable And Successful Leader, One Must Have879 Words   |  4 Pagesclientele. The effectiveness of leadership depends on the style of leadership that the leader implements, and usually depends on the leadership. This indicates that different leadership styles are effective in different circumstances. Where in communication of any manager or leader must give clear directions to their subordinates and give knowledge about their work. This is a trend seen within the basis behind what a healthcare organization stands behind. Leadership is key to successful personnelRead MoreThe As A Freelance Arts Educator1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn a traditional and stagnant educational environment leadership relies heavily on power and control. In this context a primary administrator has the power to assign tasks and monitor progress while also controlling the distribution of positive or negative performance based incentives. When leadership is merely a series of transactions the primary administrator is able to stake claim to independently creating a school mission and appropriate action steps. After conducting my interview it is evidentRead MoreEssay on Building an Effective School1252 Words   |  6 Pages The guides developed by the Local Administrators Partnership Strand (ILIAD) addresses standards and procedures on ensuring quality service as leaders. These standards and guidelines aligned to leadership standards from the National Association of Elementary School Principal (NAESP) (www.naesp.org) an ILIAD partner. The unstructured interview analysis will describe leadership styles and roles, curriculum de velopment, and evaluation methods. Leadership Styles The strength of the school is shownRead MorePersonal Leadership Statement: Becoming an Educational Leader983 Words   |  4 Pagesof Home Economic teachers to some seem strange. In retrospect my personal values, leadership strengths and leadership lens validate many of these career choices in the past and will continue to play an important part in my future as an educational leader. My â€Å"five top personal values† according to the â€Å"Core Leadership Values Identification† are â€Å"Creativity, Fun, Learning, Relationships and Relevance† (Core leadership values, ). These personal values have dictated much of my career path choices andRead MoreThe Career Of A Freelance Arts Educator1573 Words   |  7 PagesIn a traditional, stagnant educational environment leadership relies heavily on power and control. In this context a primary administrator has the power to assign tasks and monitor progress while also controlling the distribution of positive or negative performance based incentives. When leadership is merely a series of transactions the primary administrator is able to stake claim to independently creating a school mission and appropriate action steps. After conducting my interview it is evident

Conflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management - 845 Words

1. â€Å"People are afraid of conflict because they do not have essential skills to manage it well.† This is true because according to O’Grady and Malloch (2016), conflict is reflection of an insufficient knowledge of the dynamics of conflict and a lack of capability in its management. In the case of Nancy, perhaps she needs to undergo specialty training or classes about conflict management in order to improve their unit’s dynamic or interaction. 2. â€Å"If you engage with conflict too early, there is a chance that the situation might have been misconstrued and sufficient time will not have passed to make sure that all of the elements of the conflict have emerged appropriately.† This is false because the earlier recognition of conflicts help lessen and even inhibit its further development in the clinical setting (O’Grady Malloch, 2016). Nancy should not wait that long in dealing with her uncomfortable feelings or concerns with her staff, and vice-versa. They should have an open communication in dealing with their individual issues or concerns in order to avoid any cascade of event that will lead to the development of a long term conflict which may affect the dynamic of their unit (probably may affect their performance as a team in the end). According to O’Grady and Malloch (p. 131, 2016), â€Å"each cascading extension of the conflict becomes increasingly more difficult to resolve.† 3. â€Å"Emotions must be controlled and separated from the conflict so that the real issues can beShow MoreRelatedConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1772 Words   |  8 Pagesopinion there will also be a chance for some form of conflict to arise. To resolve and manage conflict, any organization or persons’ must try to understand the causes, theories, approaches and strategies of conflict management. Resolving conflict requires a great deal of attention and thorough understanding in seeking resolution. In this review, conflict management will be explored in general from different perspectives in light of how conflict effects teams or groups, workplace relationships andRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1313 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and conflict management both play pivotal roles in all relationships, whether they are between friends, family, lovers, or coworkers. However, while most relationships have an abundance of conflict, the a mount of properly implemented conflict management in all relationships is relatively low. This is especially surprising when you consider the sheer amount of research and counseling directed at managing conflict in constructive ways. Though the aforementioned services and research are ofRead MoreConflict Between Conflict Management And Resolution883 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative association with conflict. Reflects poorly on the supervisor when there is conflict but in reality it’s only negative when the supervisor or employee, depending on the situation does not address the conflict. Unresolved conflicts can negatively impact not only the employees involved but also the company. Unresolved conflicts result in negative impacts not only to the individual but also the company. Focus on the problem, not the person. Sometimes the conflict will be reoccurring or unresolvableRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe most important p oint is that conflict in organizations is increasing as they become more complex, culturally diverse, and global. Conflict has been thought of as necessary at times to keep the wheels of progress turning. Therefore, concentration on conflict in organizations has went from strategies to try to eliminate it to managing it. One issue is training managers how to manage that conflict. Conflict can be detrimental or beneficial to the organization. In order to be beneficial, leadersRead MoreConflict Between Conflict And Conflict Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to our textbook Beebe, Beebe, Ivy (2014), â€Å"interpersonal conflict is a fact of life and eventually all relationships experience conflict† (p. 218). Precisely how the conflict is resolved left up to the involved parties. I am credible because I participated in the following conflict with my mother, analyzed the conflict using the Beebe, Beebe, Ivy (2014) text, and then used the collected information to st ructure this paper. The central idea of this essay is that people with conflictingRead MoreConflict Between Conflict Management Styles885 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Conflict is defined as â€Å"a struggle or contest between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values or goals† (Popovic and Hocenski, 2009, p. 15). As a manager or leader, you take on the responsibility as a problem solver. Thus,  knowing how to resolve a conflict that respect each individual that is involved shows the ability to deal with conflict. Conflict management styles is being able to manage conflict in a functional manner (Satterlee, 2013).   Ã‚  According to Satterlee (2013) theRead MoreConflict Management Styles Among Corporate Executives1161 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious researchers’ efforts and expertise. A potential research study on â€Å"Conflict Management Styles among Corporate Executives in Developing Countries – Nigeria a Case Study† is considered for a signature assignment. Conflict is inevitable and exists everywhere. In organizational system, conflict and methods of conflict management influences different groups (empl oyees, management team and executives). Conflicts are realities of life and can be defined as a â€Å"situation of competition in whichRead MoreSolving The Conflict Resolution : Active Listening And Good Communication821 Words   |  4 Pageshelp them resolve their conflict. â€Å"Arbitration is a time-tested, cost-effective alternative to ligation. Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to one or more impartial persons for a final and binding decision, known as an ‘award’. Awards are made in writing and generally final and binding on the parties in the case† (American Arbitration Association). The Communication Process Communication is one of the key elements of the conflict resolution process. The most of the conflicting situationsRead MoreDefine Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict in a Work Group and Explain How You Can Increase Functional Conflict and Decrease Dysfunctional Conflict.1426 Words   |  6 PagesConflict arises when there is some indifference among two parties. In any working group conflict is almost unavoidable. When most people hear the word conflict, they often tend to take the term in negative manner. Almost everyone perceives conflict to be a malefactor and that it often hinders the development process of any group. Although usually people think of it as a bad thing, conflict on the contrary can be a positive occurrence within a group to bring about change. Comprehensively conflictRead MoreBook Review on the Third Side by William Ury1007 Words   |  5 Pagesstate-of-the-art book on conflict management and negotiation by well known negotiator and mediator William L. Ur y, an American National, who is world s leading negotiation expert, he has mediated situations ranging from corporate arena to wildcat strikes, and from family disputes to ethnic wars in the Middle East, the Balkans, N. Ireland and many other places. He has also worked on the problem of how to prevent nuclear war as a consultant to The White House Crises Management Center. He received his

Sadh Free Essays

After World War II there was a brief interlude when the United States led governments and peoples throughout the world in the belief that a new era of peace, disarmament, and the rule of law could emerge through working together in the United Nations. The cold war soon blighted that vision, and the world was frozen for forty years in the balance of nuclear terror. The end of the cold war and the demise of the Soviet Union caught most people by surprise, and they were followed by a brief period of euphoria in which optimistic notions circulated, many of them inspired by the apparent success of the first Gulf War. We will write a custom essay sample on Sadh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among them were President George H. W. Bush’s â€Å"new world order,† Madeleine Albright â€Å"assertive multilateral,† and a short-lived but widespread belief that the UN had at last come into its own. The century ended in general disillusionment over he prevailing disorder and violence. The events of September 1 1, 2001, and the reaction of the administration of President George W. Bush have so far dominated the twenty-first century discussion of world order. Restart’s statement reflects the concerns of this course. The attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon over a decade ago, on September 1 1, 2001, brought into sharp relief a new configuration of world power and opposition. After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, there had been much talk of a New World Order, emphasizing globalization, a ingle model of export-oriented economic development, liberalizing, human rights, democracy, and a global war on terrorism. Notions of a New World Order typically did not incorporate possible sources of opposition, or, when they did, it was with apocalyptic ideas like â€Å"the clash of civilizations. Some theories assumed that the dominance of the new order meant an â€Å"end to history,† that is, an end to the struggles between major powers and systems of thought that had marked international relations historically. September 1 1 demonstrated that we have not reached the end of history or a world without struggle, but it also demonstrated that imply dividing the world int o clashing civilizations misses the new global configuration of power and opposition. The post-WI 1 world has been marked by a single superpower, the United States, which played an aggressive military role globally (especially after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 and, now, through drone warfare in multiple countries). It also has taken on outsized political and economic roles in the world. The post 9/1 1 world has also seen the emergence of key non-state actors, including ethnic groups, al-Qaeda, and many more. Since 2011, a key region, the Middle East and North Africa, has seen unprecedented popular uprisings, with citizens expressing pent-up anger against authoritarian regimes. The sass have been a period described by the word â€Å"globalization† but rife with powerful forms of localism. The purpose of this course is pulls. With that goal in mind, the course first will analyze the earlier configuration of power that marked the second half of the twentieth century, how and why it crumbled, and how its disintegration laid the foundation for today. The main emphasis is on the creation of global economic interdependence in the twentieth century in a world politically divided. The interdisciplinary approach of the course stresses the interplay between two global structures, the world market and the hierarchy of states, and how the interplay of these structures has generated rules governing international life, â€Å"winners,† who have gained from these rules, and â€Å"losers,† who have felt the rules slighted them. In the latter part of the course, we will look at the structure of the world political-economy in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the role of imperial America, and events in the Middle East, including the recent popular uprisings and civil strife. Requirements of the Course and Assignments: This course is designed to greatly improve students’ critical-analytic reading abilities and their academic writing capabilities. To help students reach higher levels, the course requires substantial reading and writing throughout the term. Every student is expected to fulfill the following requirements: 1 . Readings. Students must read the assignments listed in the course schedule below prior to the Tuesday Section of the listed week (in Week One only, one reading will be due Tuesday and others, before the Thursday Section). The readings are presented somewhat differently from the methods used in many other classes. The assigned readings present the authors’ own interpretations of how the twentieth century (or a part of it) unfolded. Their interpretations are important. As the course is interdisciplinary, the book authors include an economist, Stilling, who is a Nobel Prize winner; a leading political scientist at Harvard, Friend; an award-wining international historian from Columbia, Manager; and a noted historian of the Middle East, Kelvin. Interpretations in the assigned books often clash with those given in lecture, and they may contradict each other. In other words, students will have to make their way through conflicting stories f the making of the 21st century. Because the authors’ interpretations are given as the authors presented them from beginning to end, they frequently do not line up chronologically or topically with the week-by-week class lectures. But students are challenged to compare and contrast over the course of the quarter the various narratives they hear in lecture and read in the books. Besides the books, there are some other additional secondary readings required. Additionally, the assigned documents will help students learn to read primary sources. The readings will be discussed by students and Task in weekly Sections. Students are required to bring to section the books being discussed, as well as printouts of ALL additional required documents and readings assigned for the week. 2. Short Papers. Each student will write three short essays of approximately 1-1/2 double-spaced, typewritten pages (12 point New Times Roman type, one-inch margins). The first paper will be on a reading assigned in Week Two, Francis Fauvism, â€Å"The End of History. † Part of the class session on Friday, January 17, will be on writing this paper. It is imperative, therefore, to read the Fauvism article carefully before the January 17 class session. The paper is due in section on Tuesday, January 22. The second and third papers can be on any readings to help you make your point. A presentation of opposing points of view and making a comparison of two works can lead you to good paper topics. In short, students are encouraged to compare and contrast different authors’ ideas, even as the main focus is on a single reading. ) Papers may comment on how the author uses words, the construction of the argument, types of evidence, methods, etc. What the paper should NOT do is write about the topic of the reading; rather it should write on owe the reading treats or approaches its topic. For example, you would not want to write on the Cold War but on how Manager approaches the topic of the Cold War. The essay is to be submitted in person at the Tuesday Section meeting on the week the student chooses during weeks 2-9 of the quarter, as long as the paper is on the reading assigned for that week; no late submissions will be accepted and no papers will be accepted in which the student is not in attendance in the section. 3. New York Times. Every student must read the New York Times daily. . Research Paper. Each student will complete a research paper?typed, double- spaced, 12 point New Times Roman type, one-inch margins?on a country of his or her choice and approved by the TA. Each paper will focus on a topic that falls in the period from World War II to the present. The aim is NOT to write on current events but on events or trend s in the past that can help give essential background for understanding today’s news. Library research using scholarly books and Journals (not newspaper articles) will be the backbone of the assignment (at least three journal articles and two books should be used heavily in the research). Each paper ill be organized around something puzzling in that country political, economic, or social experience at some time in the latter half of the twentieth century or the first few years of the present century. That puzzle will be expressed in a â€Å"why question,† which will be substantiated by qualitative or quantitative evidence. Students will develop an answer to that â€Å"why question,† which will be the argument of the paper, including further evidence to support that argument. A number of aids are available for researching and writing your papers. The most important is your TA. You also can receive help from SOUL reference librarians. The Jells/Political Science writing center http://depth. Washington. Du/surprise/index. HTML can be of great assistance. The Center is in Gown 111. Please note that the tutors in the Writing Center can help you with problems of organization, clarity, composition, and grammar only; they are not equipped to comment on the substantive content of your paper. You can also receive feedback on your paper ideas and substantive content at CLUE sessions. All papers must be written in MS Word, double-spaced, using Times Roman 12 point font. The due dates for the paper are as follows (late papers will be penalized): a. A 1-2 page research proposal with references. Librarians will be in class on January 10 and 17 helping you get started on your paper, explaining what is entailed in a research proposal, detailing the precise assignment, and offering practical lessons on undertaking the research. The research proposal is due in class on January 16. D. First draft (approve. 5-6 pages), due on February 6. Papers must be sent via email to your TA and members of your study group by 5:00 p. M. , February 6, for peer comments by other Study Group members. Members of the Study Group will provide Track function in MS Word. Members should provide general comments and inter- linear comments in the text itself. E. Second draft (approve. 6-8 pages), revised by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the Study Group members, due in TA mailbox in Thomson 411 on February 17 by 5:00 pm (the doors to the mailbox close at 5:00). F. Third and final draft (approximately 8-10 pages), revised and expanded by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the TA and Study Group members, due March 3, 5:00 pm, in Tat’s mailbox, Thomson 411 (or you may give the paper to your TA in person after lecture on that day). 5. Quizzes. In place of a mid-term, there will be weekly quizzes in the course, mostly geared towards that weeks reading. The quizzes are motivational tools to help students keep up with the reading. The quizzes will be available for you to take and submit on the course website each Monday, 5:00 pm to midnight. . Final Exam. The final exam, Wednesday, March 19, 2014, 2:30-4:20 pm, in our regular classroom, will include short and long essay questions and identifications. A series of long essay questions will be available before the exam, from which two questions will be selected to actually appear on the exam. Questions will include materials from lecture, readings, and the New York Times. There will also be a geography question (see below). Students may bring a single page of personal notes to the exam. All students must bring blue books to the exam. 7. Maps. Everyone must learn the basic political map of the world, as well as natural sites, such as bodies of water, that have been critical to international relations. There will be a map section on the final exam. Consult atlases and maps online regularly! 8. Study Groups. All students will participate in Study Groups to be formed the first week during Section. Study Groups should meet face-to-face at least once a week to discuss readings, papers, and ideas. They are important sounding boards. Each Study Group will also set up an e-mail list, including all its members, as a way to communicate frequently about assignments, readings, and ideas presented in lecture. Final grades will be determined on the following basis: 2nd paper draft 10% Paper proposal 2% Peer review of others’ papers 4% 3rd paper draft 25% Three response papers 21% (total) Pop quizzes 18% (total) Final exam 20% Participation in section is highly valued: the computed grade from the factors above will be adjusted up to 0. Grade points up or down on the 4. 0 scale based on participation in sections. How to cite Sadh, Papers

Sexuality in marketing free essay sample

Using the example of a bank, give examples of information systems for each of the four levels of scope shown in Figure 7-1. Describe three workgroup information systems that are likely to duplicate data. Explain how the characteristics of information systems in Figure 7-1 relate to your examples. In the example of a bank, personal, workgroup, enterprise, and inter-enterprise information system are personal email of a single employee (for example [emailprotected] com), Customer service system, Audi online webpage, and AUB cashier’s office and Audi Bank relatively. The three workgroups are the customer service, accounting, and sales department. They all share common information of customers such as customer’s name, age, account ID †¦etc. employee’s email address is the example of personal information system as it each employee has his/her own email thus single user and it is easy to change their personal informations at any time. Customer service system is one example of workgroup information system since employee’s in customer service department are involved and have access to this information system. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexuality in marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We assume the number of users are less than 100. The informations would only be understood within customer service department and it is not as easy as personal information system of changing the information. Bank’s online banking system is one example of Enterprise as the users of this information system are all the customers. The system has formalized procedures to follow when making any kind of online transaction and the information is hard to change. AUB cashier’s office and audi are both independent organization and they work with each other to serve a student and both have contractual agreements with transactions of tuition fees. In your answer to question 1, explain how the three workgroup information systems create information silos. Describe the kinds of problems that those silos are likely to cause. Use Figure 7-3 as a guide. The three workgroups are the customer service, accounting, and sales department. Each workgroup would have its own information silo depending on the data they possess. For example, the customer service would have client’s name, age, address, year of birth and birthday, nationality. Accounting would have client’s name, account number, transaction history as well as balance amount. As for the sales/marketing department would have client’s name, age, profession, and interest for their marketing purposes. These three silos are likely to cause data duplication and inconsistencies, and as well as lack of integrated information. All of these problems will lead to an increase expenses. 3. Using your answer to question 2, describe an enterprise information system that will eliminate the silos. Would the implementation of your system require process reengineering? Explain why or why not. An enterprise information system that would eliminate these silos and their problems would be one that would connect all systems together. This system is ERP(Enterprise Resources Planning) and implementing this system requires business reengineering because a change to the entire system must be done and it is done through business reengineering. 4. Is the information system you proposed in your answer to question 3 an application of CRM, ERP, or EAI? If so, which one and why? If not, explain why not. The information system I proposed in question #3 is an ERP(Enterprise Resources Planning). I proposed this system because this system collects all the informations in one and single database where every department of Bank can have access, alternate to the data. Once one database connects them all, everyone who uses the same information can easily get it and would not face all the problems of data inconsistency, disjunction, and duplication. I did not choose CRM(Customer Relationship Management) because this system is for customer and their interactions with an enterprise and this system have absent of HRM, Inventory, Accounting, and Manufacturing applications which are the most important applications in the bank.

Music In Lee free essay sample

For anyone who’s into underground rap, here are some artists to check out from Lee, as well as Pittsfield. You might be surprised by these local rappers. In Lee we have some underground rappers; I’m one of them. I rap in a group Deadly Minds of Lee with Jimmy Palmer, Cody Giles, and Josh Thorpe. Besides our group, there is Andrew Farrell (HandGun), and what is cool about this is that the music doesn’t just stop at Lee, It stretches out in Lenox with rappers such as G-Biz, and the Dead Poets Society! Besides Lenox you also have rappers in Pittsfield, such as X-Cell, Logic, Redeye, and probably a lot more than that. But in Lee we also have Shawn Baird who raps, as well as his friend Richie. They had both been in a group together called The Grave Walkas , who had recently had broken up! Another underground rap group contained in Lee , as well as Chatam, New York are the Kadaverz. We will write a custom essay sample on Music In Lee or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The members of this group go under the names Spaz, Reaper, and Durge. Kadaverz in a way are horrorcore, they are also funny, and are a definite group to check out as well as other artists I have posted. Since music is popping up in Lee, as well as other places, the underground to me is expanding, which is great. Underground music is different than mainstream because of how everyone starts off and how they get their names out. It’s not some American idol show where you just sing in front of people and instantly get famous without working for it. A name in music is just hard to achieve, and that’s all- I’m going to wrap this article up for now.

Killing and non-killing religions Essays

Killing and non-killing religions Essays Killing and non-killing religions Essay Killing and non-killing religions Essay Introduction: In the current times, the universe is vulnerable to terror onslaughts. Some of these terrorist act activities are ever associated with utmost spiritual organisations. Take for case, the ISIS, a panic organisation runing in Iraq and Syria ( Armstrong, 2014 ) . This panic group justifies the violent death of non-Muslims on faith. They wrongly believe that the Quran gives them authorization to kill and maim anyone who is non practising Islam. This paper seeks to explicate the construct of killing and non-killing faiths. It farther seeks to place, which of these is associated with modern twenty-four hours terrorist act. This paper takes a base that killing faiths are largely associated with modern twenty-four hours terrorist act. Killing and Non Killing Religions: Nons of such faiths include Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, etc ( Docker, 2008 ) . These are regarded as non-killing faiths, because their instructions advocator against force. Take for case in Christianity, the bible Teachs that if a individual hits you on one cheek, so give him another cheek to hit. This means that a Christian should non take any retaliatory steps, such as paying force with force ( Docker, 2008 ) . Killing faiths on the other manus advocator for the riddance of anybody who goes against its bid. An illustration includes a faith that supports the slaying or violent death of people, who do non impute to its values ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . Controversy exists on whether Islam is an illustration of a killing faith or non. This is because there have been different readings of the instructions of Islam. One reading is of the demand to kill anybody who does non pattern Islam. Other manus, other Islamic bookmans argue that this is non right. This is because Islam seeks to encompass other faiths ( Docker, 2008 ) . However, this is an issue of argument. In a nutshell, while most Muslims position faith and morality as a agency of accomplishing peace, few of them see violence as a agency of accomplishing it. The group position jihadists as an aberrance of Islam that offers little more than subjugation, spiritual constabulary, veiled adult females, and disclaimer of modern scientific discipline. Differences Christians ( Nonkilling Religion ) believe that God sent Christ to rectify the divergences of the Jews. Muslims on another manus trust that God sent Prophet Mohammed, his concluding prophesier, to rectify the divergences of the Christians. They believe that Christianity is non a true representation of the instructions of God ( Docker, 2008 ) . For illustration, the two depart on the usage of force to distribute their faith. For case, one of the instructions of Christianity is that he who lives by the blade, will besides decease by the blade. This is a disapprobation of force, and it is seeking to advance a peaceable co-existence amongst one another. The Quran Teachs that anyone who tries to go forth the faith should be punished. By looking at these facts, it is possible to denote that Christianity and Islam are two really different faiths, and they propagate different values and beliefs. Buddhism and Hinduism are other non-killing faiths ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . These faiths believe in a peaceable co-existence amongst one another. Furthermore, Buddhism believes that to accomplish ultimate peace, there is a demand of an person to invariably chew over. Hinduism believes in the being of many Gods, and goddesses. On this fact, this faith embraces other faiths, and their beliefs. This is unacceptable in Islam. Islam does non digest any other faith, and they believe that no God exists, apart from their God, who is called Allah. It is because of this fact that Islamic extremists are willing to kill, for Allah ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . The violent advocation of Islamic beliefs is referred to as Jihad. Jihad refers to an action aimed at exercising attempt for intents of accomplishing a coveted result. Muslims usually fight Jihad on two degrees. The first degree, is the war against Satanic accusals, poorness, and diseases ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . The 2nd Jihad is fought against any individual who is viewed as traveling against the rules and philosophies of Islam. Non-killing faiths do non back up any type of force, nor do they hold any violent political orientations, such as jehad. Islam stresses that anyone who does non change over to Islam, should be killed, or enslaved. The other non-killing faiths do non hold these commissariats ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . For them, those who do non hold with their tenets are neer slayed or killed. In this position, we can appreciate the fact that these two faiths do contrast in immense stairss. While the former propagates for killing the Rebels or doing them slaves, the latter focal points on tolerance and peace. They do these based on Koran A ; apos ; s Allah philosophies. In add-on, in instance a Muslim brother gets into the manner of slaying the non-Muslims, Islam permits that such an person is slain. They can travel into the degrees of leveling a vicinity to complete off heathen ( Pallmeyer, 2003 ) . In this sense, Islam regards these types of violent deaths as piousness, and it sees nil incorrect with it. For illustration, the word Boko Haram means that Western Education is iniquitous. This is a spiritual extremist group that is found in Northern Nigeria and it advocates for the Islamization of Nigeria. In the chase of their end, they burned schools, kidnaped 100s of kids, and left causalities totaling in 1000s. Their suspected links with the al-Qaida in the Maghreb and al-Shabaab in Somalia has made Boko Haram a existent threat in the eyes of U.S national security. The other non-killing faiths calls for loving your neighbours as you love you. So the impression of killing to derive something is seen as immorality in these signifiers of faiths. In comparing to Christianity, Islam does non offer a chapter about love, 1 Corinthians 13.There exist no fable of Good Samaritan ( Docker, 2008 ) . The call to personal sanctity doesn A ; apos ; Ts exist wholly. There is no hope for personal redemption by manner of impeccant forfeit merely as Jesus did upon Calvary. The hope of ageless cloud nine in holy Eden is non-existent ( Ellens, 2004 ) . The forfeit of puting down the life of one individual is non present in Islam. Alternatively, it is killing others that will allow you derive infinity ( Docker, 2008 ) . The love for a neighbour is absent in entirety among the killing faiths. This is seen amongst the Boko Haram activists. This people kill, with the statement that they are recommending for the acceptance of Islamic rules. Prophet Mohammed was a political leader, and the Koran had much to state about how to form a well-run society in a mode that promotes peace and justness. The two make it true by stating that, modern twenty-four hours Muslims find it really absurd to divide faith from Government. It begs the inquiry, why would human jurisprudence be above the jurisprudence of God. It is on this baseline that we find so many extremists lifting up to counter authorities forces in all mode of wicked bloodshed schemes ( Docker, 2008 ) . They do non believe about who they might be seting in danger, but their chief focal point is selfishness. In other universe faiths, the contrary is really apparent, Killing is non allowed and is regarded really evil. Such Acts of the Apostless attract penalties runing from ageless disapprobation and anguish. In these faiths, there is the separation of faith and authorities constructions ( Docker, 2008 ) . The holy book of Muslims is the Koran. It is a digest of God A ; apos ; s Torahs which were revealed to Mohammed.. Mohammed is respected by most Muslims as a prophesier of God and non as an extension of God. Jesus in His plants here on Earth claimed to be God. Mohammed was a mortal appointed by God to proclaim the message of peace and enlightenment and in this sense ; he had no supernatural powers ( Ellens, 2004 ) . To Christianity, it is contrary to these. Jesus in his ministry among the Jews did many miracles that culminated into really many people following His philosophy. This includes raising the dead, mending the ill, etc. For Him, many people believed in ageless cloud nine in holy Eden because He was an extension of God Himself. Modern Day Terrorism Modern twenty-four hours terrorist act is profoundly associated with killing faiths. Take for illustration, Islam. Most terrorist act groups that emerge, usually associate themselves with Islam. An illustration is Al-Qaeda, whose leaders called for Jihad, against the Americans and the Israeli involvements ( Ellens, 2004 ) . This is because they believed that America and Israel were working against the involvements of Islam. The Quran encourages Muslims to take prisoners during cases of war ( Armstrong, 2014 ) . This can merely go on when a jehad is declared. This is the ground why most panic groups usually cite a Jihad, when engaged in terrorist act activities. It might be true theoretically, but modern twenty-four hours terrorist act is apparent on the poetries from Koran like the one above. A batch of accents are on the jehad as agencies of seeing the fantastic life in front of us. In this respect, extremists like the al-Qaeda, al-Shabab and the Boko Haram of Nigeria take it upon themselves to command authoritiess by either commandeering planes, kids or merely killing utilizing bombs ( Armstrong, 2014 ) . What matters to them is exercising fright and anxiousness among guiltless citizens at the disbursal of their selfish enterprises. There is a really strong association between modern twenty-four hours terrorist act and religion. These words are good depicted in the barbarous violent death of Cpl. Nathan Cirillo by a recent Muslim convert called Michael Zeharf-Bibeau. In his entry, he states that it really absurd for a Muslim convert to travel on a shooting fling in the Canadian parliament ( Docker, 2008 ) . In every bit much as it is seeable that the faith has something to make with behaviour, other factors besides can lend. For case, disregard on upbringing, political orientation, mental jobs and even condemnable yesteryear and drug dependence. But of the declared grounds faith has the strongest relation with what Bibeau did in Canada ( Docker, 2008 ) . The precipitation of modern twenty-four hours terrorist act revival of armed and extremist jihadi motions are two in nature.First is the radical ideals and political orientation of the 1979 Persian revolution and secondly, the practical application of jehad against the Soviet Union A ; apos ; s business of Afghanistan. Decision Religious terrorist act is the political insurgence by members of a certain group of doctrinal religion in seeking to debar the effects of the stated political system. In this sense, anything that consequences from such an agreement is viewed as a immense approval to the people contending for that class. Modern twenty-four hours terrorist act is seeable by many groups of the Islamic religion who have a baseline of bloodletting. The recent events in the United States on September 11, 2001 showed the lengths at which these extremists can widen to. The modern twenty-four hours authorities or political units should endeavour to make out to the grudges aired out by political extremists. On a spiritual graduated table, it is imperative for the provinces to seek out to counter the effects of spiritual extremist. The killing faith propagates for modern twenty-four hours highjacking of planes and kids, like the Nigerian Boko Haram and the al-Qaeda non burying the al-Shabaab in contemporary So malia. In this entry it is practical cognition to denote killing faiths with modern terrorist act. Mentions: Armstrong, K. ( 2014 ) .William claude dukenfields of blood faith and the history of force. New York, N.Y. : Books on Tape: . Docker, J. ( 2008 ) .The beginnings of force faith, history and race murder. London: Pluto Press. Top of Form Bottom of Form Ellens, J. ( 2004 ) .The destructive power of faith: Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Westport, Conn. : Praeger. Top of Form Bottom of Form Pallmeyer, J. ( 2003 ) .Is faith killing us? : Violence in the Bible and the Quran. Harrisburg, Pa. : Three Press International.

Discuss Rome's Three Heirs (Please see the instruction) Essay

Discuss Rome's Three Heirs (Please see the instruction) - Essay Example irers of Roman culture and allowed the Roman language Latin to co-exist with the tribal languages, retaining the Roman system of Government and accommodating themselves to Roman culture. Rome was also the cultural context within Christianity was born and the invading tribes took to the new religion, especially through the influence of the Franks who helped to convert most of the barbarians to Roman Christianity. The European civilizations therefore brought about a relatively peaceful transition from Roman to Germanic rule, although there was an initial economic collapse due to the marauding barbarians. However, the final result was that the Roman language, the Catholic religion and Roman law and Government triumphed in the west European regions in the post-Roman era. Constantinople in the eastern part of the Roman Empire became the imperial capital of the Byzantine Empire. As opposed to the barbarians of the west, this empire was comprised of Hellenistic, Greek, Roman and Judaic elements. The origin of the empire was the rebuilding of Byzantium as Constantinople in 324, which was followed by the expansion of the empire into Asia Minor and the spread of the Islamic religion, up to 1204 when the Byzantine empire fell to the Ottoman Turks. The first phase of the Byzantine empire under emperor Justinian was the most remarkable in terms of political and cultural achievement. From a cultural perspective, Constantinople represented the crossroads of the Asian and European civilizations. From a legal perspective, Justinian ordered a collation and revision of Roman law. As a result, the law was codified to eliminate excessive legal decrees and introduce clear, enforceable laws. The corpus juris civilis or the body of civil law was produced, which contained the precepts of the law and also contained Justinian’s code of bringing subjects under the authority of a single sovereign, which latter also became the foundation of European law. The Government was centralized

LAB 15 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LAB 15 - Assignment Example The remodeling of the skeletal remains had not occurred because of the teeth loss was around 6 to 18 years. It is because the teeth were absolutely erupted. It is still approximately 18 years because this is the stage of the Basilar Suture. The complete fusion of the teeth was around two years which led to the complete permanent eruptions by the 18 years. The skeletal disjoint of the bones that led to the separation of the bones to pieces had to take around 6 years because the basilar bone has fused to form the occipital condyles. The identification of the skeleton remains is determined generally by creating a biological profile of the remains. In the four remains they are well identified by the age, sex, statue and the ancestry of the bones. The bones are also identified by the diseases that attack them. This is also determined by the injuries the human remains might have faced before in history. The first information given by the forensic analyst is whether the remains are bones and if the bones are for human beings. It is hard to identify the remains if it is covered by some substances that affect their shapes and mechanisms. The substances can be Ceramic shards, woods, rocks and concrete. For the forensic analyst to be sure if the remains is a bone, he or she ensures that the remains are well cleaned and examined very clearly. If the remains are bones then it is chance to understand whether they are from human beings. For the mammals their bones are all almost in the sale location and well shaped. By havi ng a skull, spine, ribs, and the four sets of the limbs. By looking at the shape of the bones, shape, and structure the anthropologist will know if the bone is for a human. By doing so, the information could explain whether the bones are for one individual all they are for other animals, male or female. The teeth of the remains look wet due to the enamel hypoplastic disease. The enamel of the teeth is also

Explain how the corporate guided market mitigates the threat of Essay

Explain how the corporate guided market mitigates the threat of under-consumption in the system of abundance - Essay Example Many people may fail to engage in consumption because they lack the necessary information about the available commodities. Therefore, by engaging in activities like branding and advertising, the potential consumers would be equipped with the information about the production, use and benefits of various commodities in the market. Through this, they would be lured to buy them thus increasing their consumption levels to match the level of production (Keynes 75). Apart from intensive marketing of the available commodities, the corporate guided market should consider reviewing the labor market. Since under consumption is attributed to low or stagnated wages, the employees should be offered higher and reasonable wages that correspond with the kind of work that they offer. This can help in empowering them to have enough income that they can use in purchasing all the available commodities in the market (Sullivan & Steven 29). After all, they are produced to be fully

Division Of Labor in Modern Day

Division Of Labor in Modern Day Emile Durkheim was a sociologist who pioneered in the study of social order. He theorized how societies maintained social order on mechanical and organic forms as well as transitions to industrialized society form a primitive one. In a primitive society, people act and think alike because of a mechanical solidarity. On the other hand, an advanced society will have its people in divisions of labor where they are allocated and rewarded accordingly. Both moral and economic regulations are necessary in order for social order to exist and can be achieved by putting in place laws. The transition, therefore from a primitive to an advanced society may cause a crisis which eventually ceases upon maturity into an advanced society. Division of labor has an important role to play in the society since it does not rely on provision of economic services only, but also creates harmony between people. Economists would only look at division of labor as a means to increase production although much more need to be derived from it in form of living in new and better conditions. This fact contrasts with Marx theory which looks down upon division of labor as individualizing people and creating inequality in labor. The core principal why division of labor is vital is that humans derive happiness in being free to possess material thing and to seek them. This makes its influence to be on a personal level and based on ones psychological liking. Specialization in the face of division of labor creates a need in individuals to operate on a communal basis so that they may maximize the returns and hence increased happiness. As opposed to Marx theories, private property will not achieve much and he proposes a communal setting. The application of Durkheims theory on division of labor may be of great value to modern society. He uses scientific methods to explain the source and evolution of an ordered society. This gave rise to sociology which envisions the society as being composed of several factors which must act in tandem. Wherever there is a common ideology between people living together, they tend to have creative thinking that can be of use to them. This works well especially if they are great in numbers since they can always support each other. Division of labor has had a history of revolution to what it is today. Chapter 5: The Increasing Preponderance of Organic Solidarity and its Consequences Durkheim, in his division of labor theory proposes an organic like solidarity. The presence of laws to govern and regulate the society in that solidarity is essential. But what is ironical is that laws governing a society are sometimes repressive and apply to specific parts. The relationships in a society that would require penal measures are few compared to areas where say domestic, contractual and commercial laws may find application. The solidarity that may be sought by a common conscious society does not get the fullest expression in law. Cooperative law does not meet the threshold to enable social cohesion to take place. There is need to find relationships that exist although it has not been done previously. Organic solidarity contribution to the general harmony of a society need to be studied in detail and understood so that its application may be of benefit. An individual attachment to a society in dependent on a number of factors which includes forces and bonds which in turn may be strong or weak. This however may not be a reason why an individual may choose to remain in or leave a society. A case in study is the traditional tribal chiefs who got left by their followers in case of misunderstanding or difference in opinion. Under division of labor, events are somewhat different since people tend to rely on each other to meet their needs. A society would never risk being isolated from the rest of humanity because what they lack in provisions is obtained from the other society. An individual in such a circumstance of isolation may feel isolated and disturbed. To counter this, some tribes have systems of incorporating new members into the society by naturalization or adoption. A good example is Romans who provided refuge for those conquered during the war and hence the primitive society grew. The adopted individual was supposed to absorb the practices and beliefs of this new society. Solidarity ensures the person sticks if and only if there is harmony and relationships are maintained. There are various rules forbidding acts contrary to the sentiments of the collectivity which are either positive or negative and may involve such fields as religion, nationality, domesticity, work, traditions and sexual relations. Others have to do with personal conduct and possessions. Each of these sentiments has respective rule which may change over time according to the society and its level of advancement. In is notable that some of the rules have origin in the Ten Commandments or even in ancient civilizations like Greek and Romans. Morals were very important and an accusation of failure to comply was punishable. For example sentiments dealing with sexual relations are punishable according to the Pentateuch and various verses in the Bible support this. In addition, the Romans and Greeks too would define those acts they deemed immoral and either fine or punish the offender. Many other civilizations like Egyptians and West African tribes had ways to punish crimes committed and in different ways. Each crime on the other hand has different punitive measures it attracted. In religion, a number of taboos, sacrifices and rites were observed to please the deities. An individual failure to follow the norm could be deemed an outcast or even killed. Sexual immorality too had set down rules defining for example the kind of normal relationships and abnormal ones. The rules and regulations that existed sometimes ago were not always perfect and or applicable to each emerging situation. Slaves for example, despite being human, were excluded from justice whether they were against the society laws on not. In many societies, children are treated differently from adults and this can contribute their rights being denied. Modern society has nevertheless grown and so has the regulation that need to be in place. But what is evident is that no new rules have been introduced; only the intensity of their application has increased. The area of jurisdiction has also moved from the general society to be more individual oriented. Religion has been the most complex factor contributing to differences in social life. Each religion has its own deity and ways of life which need not necessarily conform to other people in order for them to exist. Further, religion has seen people make choices on where to live, who to associate with, eating habits, dressing and many other aspect of life. In primitive societies, such issues brought about many conflicts albeit in modern society, they have declined due to emergence of other aspects and disciplines of life. Economics, politics and other sciences have led people to differentiate between religion and social life; these two used to be synonymous. Any problem can thus be dealt with according to the field it belongs. Traditions have too been a hindrance because of the many and diverse teachings from the ancestors. Proverbs which encouraged or discouraged people in their endeavors still have power over peoples life. They in fact created a course on which an individual had to pass through out their life. Comparing one society to another is important so as to learn the best ideals for the modern ones. Division of labor in the face of all progressions in societies has been forefront in defining if those societies survive or perish. It is the division of labor that has acted as a glue to stick individuals together and whole societies in general. Modern technology and studies will help in learning the best forms of societies to maintain. Chapter 2: The Forced Division of Labor Existence of rules does not necessarily mean harmony. It is the same rules that make it possible to have evil in society. For example in a class was, division of labor created conflicts since those in the lower class may not be content with their share and contribution. This fact contrasts in other organisms which regardless of their position still maintain their class and work towards achieving goals assigned to them without desire to occupy other elements position or role. The scenario is different when it comes to human society because of ambitions and desires. No one can argue that they were destined for a particular type of job or live. When such discomforts arise it is then inevitable to change course and seek fulfillment elsewhere. Division of labor as already discussed is meant to produce solidarity and since this can not be achieved in cases of imitation common to humans, change and adjustments are necessary. A good case was recorded between plebeians and patricians where division of labor existed. Sooner, the plebeians began to imitate the upper class and sought the same roles they had because they had reached a point to see everyone in equal times. Conflicts arose resulting to a conclusion that solidarity can only be imperfect for it to exist. An individual nature must be in harmony with all social functions failure to which division of labor can not occur. This is achieved by realizing different abilities each an individual has and the skills they possess. But still there are some people who set higher goals beyond their abilities and therefore happiness is to them comes only after fulfilling their dreams. To such people, they should be made to understand that proportionality to ones means is important. Spontaneity becomes an element of use in every social setting where solidarity is implied. Individuals must also be able reject forced labor and no obstacles should hinder their pursuit to fit in any position. Caste system has seen people with abilities prevented from accessing jobs even though they have ability to perform. In modern times a trend similar can be found in some careers where it becomes very difficult to be absorbed or as if one is not right to be found there. Inequalities of this kind however have been in decline as people embrace fairness in employment for instance in public sector. Organic solidarity is compromised by external inequalities and this is by far felt by higher societies. Interesting enough is the fact that although individuals may feel dissatisfied because of inequalities; they will not be against the social order which is the root cause. They continue to support it considering that they derive beliefs and practices from the same society. The social order has also morals and religious systems that are deemed sacred. Inequalities are bound to be natural in such circumstances that an individual will suffer alone without raising eyebrows. In contrast, every cause affecting organic solidarity weakens the social bond. If any condition is touched then the whole set up suffers greatly and it translates to individuals disengaging from the social order. Equality is vital in external conditions so as to secure an individual to his or her function. All higher societies may require a consensus and shield themselves from any disturbance. The main difference between primitive and higher societies is the presence of voluminous laws that govern them. Contractual solidarity comes into play for the society to continue to live in harmony. Everything in any society has a social value that represents the usefulness of it towards meeting peoples needs. This value can not be measured mathematically but can only be felt. If it fluctuates, which can be caused by abnormal activities, the effort received must equal the effort given to create equilibrium. But generally humans would rather receive more than what they gave out thus a constraint need be in place to counter this effect. A sufficient condition for an equivalence to take place is that parties under a contract be placed under equal external conditions. When equality is achieved, complains become less and every individual therefore feels content. Contracts therefore will lead to consensus after having been through the necessary relations like ceremonies, intentions and formulae. Just as in the ancient civilizations, Romans, the rule and application of law was important in determining if a contract is null and void. Modern societies tend to shy away from real application of law and refuse to accept certain aspects of contracts. Example is when one party is placed at the mercy of the other and therefore becomes oppressed because they are weak. The public conscience will demand equal treatment and also value for whatever transaction there was. Economists have contributed by pointing out the spontaneity of social life should be devoid of constraint which only makes it deviate from natural causes. Morality and freedom are two values that ought to be checked so that they remain within the set limits. Regulation eventually brings about liberty. Some areas where inequality is observed are, for instance, physical strength and domestic life where each man can be higher or lower in comparison to another. This means then that liberty is not present. All external forces must be subordinate to social forces for social life to develop. It requires a man to sober up and become a social being in order that he can live with nature in harmony. Modern societies, unlike previous ones, need to work hard to mend social relationships. Moving away from the past where segmented social life was common to organized and developed societies. The earlier people depended on faith to survive and modern ones require justice. It is important to pursue these conditions as long as social revolution remains and no factors change. Relationship between the two chapters: The two chapters deal with organic solidarity and its merits and demerits in social life. As has been discussed in both chapters, division of labor is a very important feature in every social life. It ensures that people are left a choice to make the best out of their lives by embarking or playing on roles that would be beneficial to them. Both chapters encourage presence of division of labor with one insisting on presence of regulation and the other dealing with inequalities and external forces. Solidarity ensures unity so that whatever a person may wish to acquire can be achieved by depending on another say for assistance. The individual person is also considered the most important in the society since he is the smallest unit that defines what that society will look like. Therefore, the individual despite being regulated in his endeavor for sustainability also need to have certain freedoms. Regulation can happen by putting in place laws that will govern the daily undertakings of man to an extent where nobody is liable to cause conflicts. These laws must therefore be just and fair to every member of a society. Freedom in a society is also encouraged so that each individual acts in accordance with their abilities. This then means that systems which do not promote freedom of choice like the caste system need to be abolished to pave way to freer societies. Freedom can too be extended to material possessions whereby each person can possess as much as he may require in achieving happiness. Religion despite it playing a center stage in moral development should not be a hindrance to social progress. Elimination of forced labor is essential so as to ensure a person makes his choices out of free will and they are not coerced to follow a direction against their wish. Employment especially in public places should be done by considering ones abilities and skills and not the social background they come from. Equality is another factor that has been emphasized in both chapters; be it in accordance to an individual in relation to another or to factors affecting social life. In regard to an individual, equality comes about when transacting goods and services with other people. It ensures that a service received is commensurate to the one rendered and that no party gets to oppress the other. Isolation of an individual by the rest of the society is also considered to ensure that they become as much part of a society as possible. In conclusion, both chapters stress the need for division of labor in modern societies if they have to last. Such therefore can be attained in an environment where there is harmony, solidarity, equality, liberty, and just regulation. Durkheim, being the father of sociology, has made immense contribution and his theories if put to work can work for the benefit of mankind.

Essay --

Modernization is define as the positive connotation used to changing society through bringing technologies, productions, and better standard of living for the process of development. Modernization theory was first emerged in Europe in the seventeenth century and has more or less influence Most of the countries became modernized through using appropriate and suitable form of modernization theories in their country. An example of countries that have applied well modernization theory and have succeed in achieving modernization is Turkey, however Afghanistan the country that have failed in processing modernization during reign of King Amanullah khan. This paper will intend to provide comparative analysis of state building and modernization in Afghanistan during King Amanullah Khan Regime and Turkey during Mustafa Kamal Ataturk. It will focus on cause and effect relation between different features of both countries such as, societal structure, geo-political position, and socio-economic as cause and political development as an effect that led to failure of modernization in Afghanistan and prosperity and success in turkey. Historical Background of Afghanistan: Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic society within an olden history started from 3000 B.C. It is a landlocked country which has been considered as an entryway or coli door for most of the invaders through history. Afghanistan as a country come to an existence in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durani who led the foundation of first Durani Empire. Ahmad Shah was able to bring together different people from different ethnic groups to work as a one nation. Afghanistan as a modern state come to existence in the 19th century whereas this was the time when other countries in Asia, Africa, and Middle East w... ...started modernization process he faced opposition from a large number of uneducated people. Since he could not built schools or education institutions due to lack of luxury, people did not have the ability to understand and analyze his processes and became against him. Harrison has mentioned four stages of Barrington Moore’s theory of modernization the book of â€Å"the sociology of modernization and Development†. According to Barrington the first theory is â€Å"Organic Evolutionary mode†, the second is â€Å"conservative modernization†. Third one is â€Å"evolutionary modernization, and the last theory is â€Å"industrialization by formal and informal colonization†. If we apply the mentioned theories inAmanullah’s reforms the second one can be perfectly applicable, since Amanullah khan used led state modernization from top to down which can likely cause the society to upraise against it Essay -- Modernization is define as the positive connotation used to changing society through bringing technologies, productions, and better standard of living for the process of development. Modernization theory was first emerged in Europe in the seventeenth century and has more or less influence Most of the countries became modernized through using appropriate and suitable form of modernization theories in their country. An example of countries that have applied well modernization theory and have succeed in achieving modernization is Turkey, however Afghanistan the country that have failed in processing modernization during reign of King Amanullah khan. This paper will intend to provide comparative analysis of state building and modernization in Afghanistan during King Amanullah Khan Regime and Turkey during Mustafa Kamal Ataturk. It will focus on cause and effect relation between different features of both countries such as, societal structure, geo-political position, and socio-economic as cause and political development as an effect that led to failure of modernization in Afghanistan and prosperity and success in turkey. Historical Background of Afghanistan: Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic society within an olden history started from 3000 B.C. It is a landlocked country which has been considered as an entryway or coli door for most of the invaders through history. Afghanistan as a country come to an existence in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durani who led the foundation of first Durani Empire. Ahmad Shah was able to bring together different people from different ethnic groups to work as a one nation. Afghanistan as a modern state come to existence in the 19th century whereas this was the time when other countries in Asia, Africa, and Middle East w... ...started modernization process he faced opposition from a large number of uneducated people. Since he could not built schools or education institutions due to lack of luxury, people did not have the ability to understand and analyze his processes and became against him. Harrison has mentioned four stages of Barrington Moore’s theory of modernization the book of â€Å"the sociology of modernization and Development†. According to Barrington the first theory is â€Å"Organic Evolutionary mode†, the second is â€Å"conservative modernization†. Third one is â€Å"evolutionary modernization, and the last theory is â€Å"industrialization by formal and informal colonization†. If we apply the mentioned theories inAmanullah’s reforms the second one can be perfectly applicable, since Amanullah khan used led state modernization from top to down which can likely cause the society to upraise against it

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

Every piece of literature created is influenced by the time in which it was written. A particular text is a reflection of the era or period in which it was born. An author is contained within a specific time in history, and his writing becomes the result of the social, economic or political milieu of that time. This is the reason why it is extremely important for a reader to determine the context of the story in order to fully understand a piece of literature. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a great example of how a text reflects a particular era. It is a novel written in the 1930s and revealed what was happening during that time in California. Hence, John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is a reflection of California during the 1930s. Of Mice and Men is a story about the friendship between George Milton and Lennie Small. The two men are remarkably different from each other. Steinbeck (1994) described George as â€Å"small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features† (p. 4). He depicted Lennie as the opposite of his companion; he was â€Å"a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 4). However, their differences were not limited to physical appearances. George is intelligent, but his friend Lennie is mentally challenged (Steinbeck, 1994). The mental condition of the latter forced him to depend solely on the former. While George often expressed displeasure about the burden of being Lennie’s companion, he proved to be a dedicated friend. He served as Lennie’s guardian. Unfortunately, Lennie’s disability caused him to be involved in great trouble. He was unable to discern his own strength, accidentally harming and killing others in the process. In the end, George continues to fulfill his role as Lennie’s protector; he killed Lennie himself to spare him from death in the hands of Curley (Steinbeck, 1994). While the friendship between George and Lenny is the main focus of the story, the history of California plays a bigger and more significant role in the novel. Of Mice and Men is also a story about California and the problems which plagued it during the 1930s. John Steinbeck wrote three books which delved into the situation in California in 1930s; Of Mice and Men is the second book in the trilogy. The other two novels were In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath. In On Mice and Men, the relationship between George and Lennie is set against the backdrop of 1930s California. Both men are migrant workers with a single dream: they wanted to own a piece of land and farm it themselves. George said, â€Å"Someday—we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs† (Steinbeck, 1994). This dream was influenced, if not completely defined, by the problems of the state at that particular time. In the Introduction of the On Mice and Men, Shillinglaw (1994) described California in the 1930s. During the 1930s, the main problem in California was agricultural labor. Since the 1900s, most of the agriculturally abundant valleys were located in California. Produce such as broccoli, lettuce, sugar beets and strawberries were only some of those harvested in plenitude. The vast farms in California required many laborers for its harvest. Meanwhile, the Southwest region of America suffered from drought. Due to the drought, the once bountiful lands became similar to deserts. As a result, laborers left what was known as the Dust Bowl to try their luck in California. Since 1935, an estimated 350,000 people from Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas stormed the Golden State in hopes of finding jobs in the farms. While it was true that California had enormous agricultural fields which supplied most of the country’s produce, the employment of workers were still a problem. There were too many people to accommodate for jobs in these farms. Workers from the Dust Bowl wandered throughout the state in search of crops to farm, as they were desperate for work. By 1936, California was faced with a major problem: the constant flow of poor and hungry migrants from the Southwest. The situation of wandering farm workers was illustrated in Of Mice and Men. The novel began with the arrival of George and Lennie in the Salinas River. George was upset that the bus driver did not drop them off at the proper location. He said, â€Å"Didn’t wanta stop at the ranch gate, that’s what† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 6). The two men exemplified the situation of all the other migrant workers in California during the 1930s. Agricultural laborers such as George and Lennie were directed from one ranch to another, in search for work. George asked Lennie, â€Å"You remember about us goin’ into Murray and Ready’s, and they give us work cards and bus tickets? † (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 7). Murray and Ready had provided both men with the cards and tickets, then sent them to the next ranch. According to the novel, the last ranch they worked for was called Weed. The plight of the itinerant laborers was best expressed by George’s words: â€Å"They come to a ranch an’ work up a stake and then they go inta town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know they’re poundin’ their tail on some other ranch† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The novel also portrayed the difficult life of male migrant workers and their need for human company. It was said that majority of the migrant agricultural workers in California were single men. Since the 1870s until 1930, the fruit and wheat crops of the Golden State were harvested by single men. These men were modern day nomads, for they constantly moved from one place to another. They carried bindles whenever they went. George confirmed the situation of male farm workers in California: â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The solitude of the farm workers resulted in the constant need for companionship. In the absence of wives and families, the male itinerant laborers develop friendships instead. The friendship between George and Lennie was the kind of relationship created due to the circumstances of the migrant workers. Despite his complaints about having Lennie around, it was apparent that George was just as dependent on Lennie as Lennie was dependent on him. Whenever Lennie threatened to leave, George told him that he wanted his friend to stay. Their bond was so strong that they did not consider themselves as similar to the aforementioned lonely guys. George said: â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The novel revealed how agricultural laborers were marginalized in California society. All of them were misplaced and lived on dire conditions. Despite the unfortunate circumstances which befell them, there are those who remained optimistic and ambitious. However, even the ambitious laborers also fail. They would simply leave the ranch and proceed to another place. In the novel, George and Lennie went to the bunk house of the next ranch they were supposed to work for. When George asked Candy why the former occupant of his new bed quit, this was the response: â€Å"He†¦just quit, the way a guy will. Says it was the food. Just wanted to move† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 20). George and Lennie were also ambitious. They have grown weary of working from one ranch to another, and working for people like Curley. They dreamt of having a piece of land they can personally attend to. The dream was revealed early on in the novel, and was continuously mentioned throughout the story. Candy overheard the two taking about their desire for their own (Steinbeck, 1994). He responded positively, and even offered his savings to both men so that he could also live on their land. Crooks also learned about the plan to buy land. During one night, Lennie spoke to Crooks about his plan to own land with George. Unlike Candy, Crooks had a different response to the plan. He discouraged Lennie by insinuating that his dream will never come true. Crooks said: â€Å"I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an’ on the ranches, with their bindles on their back an’ that same damn thing in their heads†¦every damn one of ‘em’s got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never a God damn one of ‘em ever gets it† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 75). The character of Crooks was right; in 1930s California, many workers did not achieve the success they originally hoped to find there. By the end of the novel, George and Lennie proved to be unsuccessful as well. The dream of George and Lennie to obtain their own land did not come true. Lennie has a fondness for petting things which are soft; it was this fondness which guaranteed his demise (Steinbeck, 1994). Lennie and George were forced to leave the ranch in Weed because Lennie’s petting had gotten them in trouble. In the ranch in Soledad, Lennie accidentally killed a puppy because he was too strong. By accident, he pulled the hair of Curley’s wife and also broke her neck, causing her to die. When Curley and the rest of the men in the ranch found out that Lennie killed the wife, they form a mob and went to search for Lennie. Before they arrived at the ranch, George told Lennie to return to the Salinas River in case he got in trouble. George told his friend, â€Å"Lennie—if you jus’ happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an’ hide in the brush† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 17). After he killed Curley’s wife, Lennie proceed to the brush and George met him there. George began to speak of the land they would own together and the rabbits that Lennie would take care of. Afterwards, he shot Lennie on the back of his head (Steinbeck, 1994). The farm was a representation of every migrant worker’s dream: to own a piece of land and be in control of their own lives. The farm served as a symbol of freedom and independence. For George, the death of his friend was also the end of their dream. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck was truly a representation of California during the 1930s. Through the story of George, Lennie and the other characters, Steinbeck was able to illustrate the agricultural labor problem that existed in the Golden State during that decade. The novel revealed the displacement of workers, the harsh realities of living as a nomad in California, their isolation and need for companionship and the broken dreams that come with the journey. By reading this novel, one is given a glimpse of California in the 1930s. Reference Steinbeck, J. (1994). Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Classics.

Essay on good bose

Essay on good bose Essay on good bose Let your success show in the person you become, rather than your accomplishments. Rather than trying to impress others with what you can do (and have done) – let your character and demeanor convey your power in every interaction with others. You’ll find that people usually care less about what you’ve done than who you are. A truly successful person never has to say a word about their accomplishments, because it’s written all over them. The greatest thing about this inner journey to success is that it automatically causes the floodgates of prosperity to open and shower you with other benefits, like money and prestige. Of course, by then they’re just a nice bonus to the greatest benefit of success – who you’ve become along the way. Characteristics To Make A Good Boss Every successful company is usually led by a good boss, who is decisive, A good listener and effective. In my opinion, a decisive boss is a person, who comes up with a decision quickly and correctly. In order to make workers’ confidence and orient ability in dealing with problems, a good boss should be a decision-makers whenever the company has problems. For example, when there is any problem, the decisive boss does not let workers wait for the boss’ decisions. In addition, a good listener boss always brings a comfortable working environment to workers. Workers will be able to share comfortably with the boss when they have difficulties, such as unclear information,

Concentration camp essays

Concentration camp essays The article that this paper will be based and discussed upon is titled Berthes prison diary, written by Hanna Diamond. Berthes prison diary can be found in the August 1999 issue of History Today, volume 49, pages 43-49. During World War II, it was known that many people suffered. People suffered from the casualties of war, suffered because of their class, but especially because of their race. The group to suffer the most were the Jewish. Over 6 million were killed because of no crime but because of their race. Berthes prison diary is about a woman named Berthe A. and her experience in the French prisons for collaborators. Besides Berthes personal experience in prison, through her diary, we also get accounts on how the other people were treated. France gets invaded on May 10, 1940 by the Nazis. On June 22, 1940, France signs treay of peace with the Nazis. Paris is liberated on August 25, 1944. The setting begins in the August of 1944 in Toulouse, France. It was a time of despair and confusion. France was in a chaos. People were hungry and were left in poor conditions. The Germans had finally left Toulouse after their defeat. Joy came at first to the French when the Liberation finally came, yet it soon turned to hatred and vengeance. There was hatred to those that had helped the Germans succeed and also for those that allied with the Germans. These people were labeled collaborators. Even men and women that were seen with Germans were hated. They were tracked down and even arrested. Some were Berthe A. was the director of laboratory research in the Faculty of Science at the University of Toulouse. On the twenty-second of August in 1944, at about three oclock (according to Berthe), someone knocked on her door and soon enough Berthe was arrested. Of those that were arrested, many did not know ...

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the Essay

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution in 1789 - Essay Example This time, though, the rising urban class of shopkeepers and artisans, known as the bourgeoisie, continued the struggle, focusing it against the noble landowning class that had traditionally been the support of the monarchy. With the bourgeoisie success, the noble class was pulled down, the king along with it as its figurehead, and replaced by the First Republic. This, however, is not the view of modern historians such as E.J. Hobsbawn and George Rude, who feel the populace and small traders had at least an equal part in the disruption. Studies have indicated that the percentage of urban capitalist shopkeepers and artisans made up perhaps half of the revolutionary forces. â€Å"Cobb †¦ found that the rank and file of the Parisian armies revolutionnaires was 35 percent artisan and 25 percent shopkeeper and smaller merchants† (Lewis 1998). Hobsbawm (1969) claims perhaps as many as one European out of every five was a Frenchman and the majority of these Frenchmen were rural farmers or small shop workers. In many ways, the search for the reasons and participants can be found in the theories brought forward by Karl Marx, such as in the popular protest movements of the day which provide a more accurate view of both how the monarchy lost its favor and who was most in control of the political and social changes that were happening in those years. The central concepts of Marxist economics, essential to understanding the causes of the French Revolution, include the theory of labour value, the disposition of production and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions and the consequences of economic alienation. Marx’s theories of labour value combined with his concepts of

The Proprietary versus the Entity Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Proprietary versus the Entity Theory - Essay Example The proprietary theory suggests that business or other organizations tend to belong to one or more persons thought of as proprietors or owners, and their views are reflected in the accounting process used by the business. So assets of the business are considered as assets of the proprietors and their liabilities are considered as their liabilities. The balance sheet equation would thus be "Assets—Liabilities = Proprietorship.'' (Riahi-B, 2004) The stockholders are seen as individuals joined in owning a business and a corporation is thus not seen as fundamentally different from a sole proprietorship. The corporation is seen as a "device of a representative nature by means of which the association's business affairs may be conveniently administered with certain legal privileges and within certain legal limitations."' (Riahi-B, 2004) Using a proprietary theory, in accounting practice, the emphasis is on the proprietor's equity and the proprietors' net income and changes in income or other aspects of the proprietorship. The retained earnings also belong to the proprietors. However stockholders are distinct from creditors and the distinction is based on proprietorship as creditors may not be proprietors but stockholders are usually proprietors so proprietors in a business organisation include all stockholders. Usually most accountants consider shareholders as owners and proprietorship is more easily determined in a small business enterprise although proprietorships could range from individual proprietorships for each, a partnership, or corporation. Some features that proprietors seek are high profit (including minimizing taxes), little risk, continued existence, ease of sale of interests, etc (Lewis-Pendrill, accessed 2011; Riahi-B, 2004). One criticism of proprietorship is that it is not possible to determine the profits of individual common stockholders of a corporation and corporate profit when equated with personal gain of proprietors defines the propriet ary concept yet there isn't much support to this. The stockholders' share of increase in proprietorship through residual equity shows the applicability of the proprietary concept and stockholder control. Yet stockholders have to be responsive to the wishes of equity interests as they are the owners and have greater control and bear greater risks and rights of residual equity (Riahi-B, 2004, Mourik, 2010). Usually large businesses have stock option plans for their executives along with incentive bonus plans. This has resulted in management interests to increase profits and identify interests with those of proprietors (Hendriksen and Breda, 1992). The entity concept suggests that a business or unit accounted for or considered within accounting practice must be considered as entirely separate from shareholders and owners of the business. Thus the business is seen as not an ownership but a separate entity. The entity is thus seen as having a separate and distinct existence from its owne rs and the owners are almost seen as long term creditors. The balance sheet equation suggests that " Assets=Equities." (Mourik, 2010) However despite the simplicity of the concept , the entity theory faces some confusion and uncertainty and the nature of equities is not completely clear. There are also difference of opinions and although creditors and owners are seen as distinct, accounting processes treat them similarly

Gas Turbine Engine Compressors - Comparison Essay

Gas Turbine Engine Compressors - Comparison - Essay Example Its working fluid is air. The compressor then utilizes the mechanical energy that is imparted from outside so as to enhance static pressure head. In its configuration, it has four basic components: an inlet, impeller, a diffuser and a collector. The impeller increases the velocity of the fluid (Kerrebrock, 1992). In its working, the impeller rotates with a shaft and the casing which encloses the impeller. Due to this rotation, fluid is forced into the inlet as a result of the upstream pressure. As the impeller rotates, fluid moves to the discharge side. Movement of fluid to the discharge side creates a void. This implies that there is reduced pressure at the inlet of the impeller. There is pressure development in the compressor casing inlet. This provides additional air (fluid) into the impeller so as to fill the void (Carl, 2002). On reaching the impeller, the entering fluid flows along the impeller vanes. The fluid velocity increases as it progresses. Fluid at the impeller tip outlet is at maximum velocity. Fluid then enters the casing and expansion of the cross section area occurs. Diffusion occurs in the diffuser as fluid velocity reduces. The diffuser converts the high velocity (kinetic energy) of the fluid into pressure by increasingly diffusing the velocity of the gas. All these lead to the increase in the pressure of fluid (static pressure/ potential energy). This follows the Bernoulli’s principle (Carl, 2002). The final component of the centrifugal compressor is the collector. This is the chamber where diffuser discharges. Axial compressors are aerofoil based compressors utilizing rotatory movement. In the axial compressors, the working fluid flows in a parallel direction to the rotation axis. Axial flow compressors are capable of generating high pressure ratio on a single shaft. Several axial flow stages are combined so as to lead to high pressure ratios. Therefore, the axial flow compressor

African American Culture Essay Example for Free

African American Culture Essay African American culture in the United States includes the various cultural traditions of African ethnic groups. It is both part of and distinct from American culture. The U. S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as people having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa. [1] African American culture is indigenous to the descendants in the U. S. of survivors of the Middle Passage. It is rooted in Africa and is an amalgam of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to practice their cultural traditions, many practices, values and beliefs survived and over time have incorporated elements of European American culture. There are even certain facets of African American culture that were brought into being or made more prominent as a result of slavery; an example of this is how drumming became used as a means of communication and establishing a community identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, creative culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture and on world culture as well. After Emancipation, these uniquely African American traditions continued to grow. They developed into distinctive traditions in music, art, literature, religion, food, holidays, amongst others. While for some time sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa, anthropological field research by Melville Hersovits and others demonstrated that there is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the New World from the West Indies to the United States. The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern United States, especially in the Carolinas among the Gullah people and in Louisiana. African American culture often developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial segregation in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct culture apart from it. History From the earliest days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by attempting to strip them of their African culture. The physical isolation and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their free progeny, however, actually facilitated the retention of significant elements of traditional culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in particular. Slave owners deliberately tried to repress political organization in order to deal with the many slave rebellions that took place in the southern United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas. African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s)have shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to strengthen it. In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Oral tradition Slaveholders limited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it might lead to revolts or escape plans. Hence, African-based oral traditions became the primary means of preserving history, morals, and other cultural information among the people. This was consistent with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the written word. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling. The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales such as that of John Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tradition present themselves in a number of forms. African American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon. Often song, dance, verse and structured pauses are placed throughout the sermon. Techniques such as call-and-response are used to bring the audience into the presentation. In direct contrast to recent tradition in other American and Western cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reaction to interrupt and affirm the speaker. Spoken word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences modern American popular culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation. Rap music from the 1980s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem Renaissance [pic] Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article: Harlem Renaissance The first major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African American experience. Jazz, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden created unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was also a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the notable African American political movements founded in the early 20th century are the United Negro Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, also began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s followed in the wake of the non-violent American Civil Rights Movement. The movement promoted racial pride and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the focus on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and adopted a more militant posture in the face of racism. It also inspired a new renaissance in African American literary and artistic expression generally referred to as the African American or Black Arts Movement. The works of popular recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin), as well as the poetry, fine arts and literature of the time, shaped and reflected the growing racial and political consciousness. Among the most prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giovanni; poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became known as Haki Madhubuti; poet and playwright Leroi Jones, later known as Amiri Baraka; and Sonia Sanchez. Other influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton. Another major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the infusion of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent nearly four decades earlier: the idea that black is beautiful. During this time, there was a resurgence of interest in, and an embrace of, elements of African culture within African American culture that had been suppressed or devalued to conform to Eurocentric America. Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African clothing, such as the dashiki, gained popularity. More importantly, the African American aesthetic encouraged personal pride and political awareness among African Americans. Music [pic] Men playing the djembe, a traditional West African drum adopted into African American and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right are printed with traditional kente cloth patterns. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions. African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, teach lessons, ease suffering, and relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in some common elements: call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing Lift Evry Voice and Sing in addition to the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it. Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the Negro National Anthem by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church or by their families. Lift Evry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or instead of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations. In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel show, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music. Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidors Hallelujah!, and operas such as George Gershwins Porgy and Bess. Rock and roll, doo wop, soul, and RB developed in the mid 20th century. These genres became very popular in white audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming slang to put down your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a new form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of rapping grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as Hip Hop. Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is still important to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the 1960s and 1970s also fueled the growth of funk and later hip-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new jack swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread acceptance in American popular music in the 21st century than ever before. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo soul and modern funk-inspired groups. Dance [pic] The Cakewalk was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. [pic] African American dance, like other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in the Americas as well as influences from European sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of both every day life and special occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African body language survive as elements of modern dance. In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows often presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to large audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with White dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and legitimize African American dancers. African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were used by leading White choreographers who often hired African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from these earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. Modern popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance. American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance most notably in the hip hop genre. Art [pic] Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period between the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. These artifacts have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa. In contrast, African American artisans like the New England–based engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Baltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gee’s Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a geometric simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art. After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the visibility of their work, many African American artists traveled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to pay attention to African American art in America. [pic] Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, Brent Sikkema NYC. During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the Great Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists under the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to foster African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and built reputations and followings for themselves. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose association of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of them from the trunks of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name The Highwaymen. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history. Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained national prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today. The sculptor Martin Puryear, whose work has been acclaimed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contemporary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. Literature [pic] Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music. These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation, oppression and other aspects of African American life. This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to ensure its proper interpretation in American history. Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved trough oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans. While AAVE is academically considered a legitimate dialect because of its logical structure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it slang or the result of a poor command of Standard American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more difficulty with standardized testing and, after school, moving to the mainstream world for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. Fashion and aesthetics [pic]. A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana. Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural dress with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also appears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from casual t-shirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds. Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and informal occasions. Another common aspect of fashion in African American culture involves the appropriate dress for worship in the Black church. It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship. African American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits. An interpretation of a passage from the Christian Bible, every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head , has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as crowns. Hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically composed of tightly coiled curls. The predominant styles for women involve the straightening of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most commonly socially acceptable hairstyles in the United States. Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave ones hair natural. Often, as men age and begin to lose their hair, the hair is either closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance. Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The preference for facial hair among African American men is due partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. Body image The European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features; the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles; and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types. Religion While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Additionally, 14% of Muslims in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity [pic] A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Christians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice. Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrating them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and enthusiastic singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were equal in Gods eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to ones master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future. Before and after emancipation, racial segregation in America prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME Church founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. Several predominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African American churches have served to provide African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society. Because of this, African American pastors became the bridge between the African American and European American communities and thus played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a Christmas play. Black Nativity by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over the country. Islam [pic] A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner. Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due to its peaceful introduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explained: The primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africa consequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly converted to Christianity as was the case in the Catholic lands or were besieged with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland. In the decades after slavery and particularly during the depression era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community. The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam. A survey by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated African-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle East or South Asia while credibility is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religions. Aside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who follow Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a collection of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the paradoxical claim that the Jewish people are not). There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism. Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practiced. Because of religious practices, such as animal sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups may be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most African Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. There are some traditions which are unique to African Americans. Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. Most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples choose to jump the broom as a part of their wedding ceremony. Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, fell out of favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. Probably the most important part of death and dying in the African American culture is the gathering of family and friends. Either in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified. This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the entire process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final. Many services are called homegoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a mourning of loss. This is most notably demonstrated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathered to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a beloved friend. Cuisine [pic] A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard greens, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences. African American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes cre.